CHAPTER II
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS
6. Throughout this Code every definition of an offence, penal provision, and every illustration of every such definition of penal provision, shall be understood subject to the exceptions contain in the chapter entitled “General Exception,” though those exceptions are not repeated in such definition, penal provision or illustration.
Illustration
(a) The sections in this Code, which contain definitions of offences, do not express that a child under seven years of age cannot commit such of-fences; but the definitions are to be understood subject to the general exception which provides that nothing shall be an offence which is done by a child under seven years of age.
(b) A a police officer, without warrant, apprehends Z who has committed murder. Here A is not guilty of the offence of wrongful confinement; for he was bound by law to apprehend Z, and therefore the case falls within the general exception which provides that “nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is bound by law to do it.”
7. Every expression which is explained in any part of this Code is used in every part of this Code in conformity with the explanation.
8. The pronoun “he” and is derivatives are used of any person, whether male or female.
9. Unless the contrary appears from the context, words importing the singular number include the plural number, and words importing the plural number include the singular number.
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Substituted by the Union of Burma (Adaptation of Laws) Order, 1948. Omitted ibid.
10. The word “man” denotes a male human being of any age the word “woman” denotes a female human being of any age.
11. The word “person” includes any company or association, or body of persons, whether incorporated or not.
12. The word “public” includes any class of the public or any community
13. * * * *
14. The words “servant of the Government” include all officers or servants continued, appointed or employed under the authority of the Constitution, or by or under the authority of the President of the Union.
15-16. * * *
17. The word “Government” denotes the person or persons authorized by law to administer executive government in any part of the Union of Burma
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19. The word “Judge” denotes not only every person who is officially designated as a Judge, but also every person who is empowered by law to give, in any legal proceeding, civil or criminal, a definitive judgment, or a judgment which, if not appealed against, would be definitive, or a judgment which, if confirmed by some other authority, would be definitive, or
who is one of a body of persons, which body of persons is empowered by law to give such a judgment.
Illustrations
(a) A Collector exercising jurisdiction in a suit under Act X of 18593 is a judge.
(b) A Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in respect of a charge on which he has power to sentence to fine or imprisonment, with or without appeal, is a judge.
(c) * * * *
(d) A Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in respect of a charge on which he has power only to commit for trial to another Court is not a Judge.
20. The words “Court of Justice” denote a Judge who is empowered by law to act judicially alone, or a body of Judges which is empowered by law to act judicially as a body when such Judge or body or judges is acting Judicially.
21. The words “public servant” denote a person falling under any of the descriptions hereinafter following namely
First. — Every covenanted servant of the Government:
4Second. — Every commissioned Officer in the Military, Naval or Air Forces of the State:
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I Substituted by the Union of Burma (Adaptation of Laws) Order, 1948.
2 See also s. 263 A (4) infra.
3 The Bengal Rent Act, 1859.
4 Amended by the Union of Burma (Adaptation of Laws) Order, 1948.
Third.– Every Judge:
Fourth.– Every officer of a Court of Justice whose duty it is, as such officer, to investigate or report on any matter of law or fact, or to make, authenticate, or keep any document, or to take charge or dispose of any property, or to execute any judicial process, or to administer any oath, or to interpret, or to preserve order in the Court: and every person specially authorized by a Court of Justice to perform any of such duties:
Fifth. — Every juryman, assessor, or member of a village committee assisting a Court of Justice or public servant;
Sixth.– Every arbitrator or other person to whom any cause or matter has been referred for decision or report by any Court of Justice, or by any other competent public authority:
Seventh.– Every person who holds any office by virtue of which he is empowered to place or keep any person in confinement;
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1 Added by the Union of Burma (Adaptation of Laws) Order, 1948.
Eighth.– Every officer of Government whose duty it is, as such officer, to prevent offences, to give information of offences, to bring offenders to justice, or to protect the public health, safety or convenience;
Ninth.– Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property on behalf of Government, of to make any survey, assessment or contract on behalf of Government, or to execute any revenue-process, or to investigate, or to report, on any matter affecting the pecuniary interests of Government, or to make, authenticate or keep any document relating to the pecuniary interests of Government, or to prevent the infraction of any law for the protection of the pecuniary interests of Government, and every officer itt the service or pay of the Government or remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty (or every member of the Government);
Tenth.– Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive keep or expend any property, to make any survey or assessment, or to levy any rate or tax for any secular common purpose of any village, town or district, or to make, authenticate or keep any document for the ascertaining of the rights of the people of any village, town or district;
Eleventh.– Every person who holds any office in virtue of which he is empowered to prepare, publish, maintain or revise an electoral roll or to conduct an election or part of an election.
Illustration
A Municipal Commissioner is a public servant.
Explanation I.–Persons falling under any of the above descriptions are public servants, whether appointed by the Government or not
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1 Added by the Union of Burma (Adaptation of Laws) Order, 1948.
Explanation 2.– Wherever the words “public servant” occur, they shall be understood of every person who is in actual possession of the situation of a public servant, whatever legal defect there may be in his right to hold that situation.
Explanation 3.– The word “election” means the selection, by any method which is by law prescribed as by election, of any person as a member or officer of or to any office in the Union Parliament or any municipal or other public authority.
22. The words “moveable property” are intended to include corporeal property or every description, except land and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth.
23. “Wrongful gain” is gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining is not legally entitled.
“Wrongful loss” is the loss by unlawful means of property to which the person losing it is legally entitled.
A person is said to gain wrongfully when such person retains wrongfully, as well as when such person acquires wrongfully. A person is said to lose wrongfully when such person is wrongfully kept out of any property, at well as when such person is wrongfully deprived of property.
24. Whoever does anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person, is said to do that thing “dishonestly.”
25. A person is said to do a thing “fraudulently” if he does that thing with intent to defraud but not otherwise.
26. A person is said to have “reason to believe” a thing if he has sufficient cause to believe that thing but not otherwise.
Explanation.– A person employed temporarily or on a particular occasion in the capacity of a clerk or servant is a clerk or servant within the meaning of this section.
27. When property is in the possession of a person’s wife, clerk or servant, on account of that person, it is that person’s possession within the meaning of this Code.
28. A person is said to “counterfeit” who causes one thing to resemble another thing, intending by means of that resemblance to practise deception or knowing it to be likely that deception will thereby be practised.
Explanation. 1.– It is not essential to counterfeiting that the imitation should be exact.
Explanation. 2.– When a person causes one thing to resemble another thing, and the resemblance is such that a person might be deceived thereby, it shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved, that the person so causing the one thing to resemble the other thing intended by means of that resemblance to practise deception or knew it to be likely deception would thereby be practised.
29. The word “document” denotes any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, as evidence of that matter.
Explanation. 1 -~ It is immaterial by what means or upon what substance the letters, figures or marks are formed, or whether the evidence is intended for, or may be used in, a Court of Justice, or not.
Illustrations
A writing expressing the ‘terms of a contract, which may be used as evidence of the contract, is a document,
A cheque upon a banker is• a document.
A power-of-attorney is a document.
A map or plan, which is intended to be used which or which may be used as evidence, is a document.
A writing containing directions or instructions is a document.
Explanation. 2.– Whatever is expressed by means of letters, figures or marks, as explained by mercantile or other usage, shall be deemed to be expressed by such letters, figures or marks within the meaning of this section although the same may not be actually expressed.
Illustration
A writes his name on the back of a bill of exchange payable to his order. The meaning of the endorsement, as explained by mercantile usage, is that the bill is to be paid to the holder. The endorsement is a document, and must be construed in the same manner as if the words ‘pay to the holder” or words to that effect had been written over the signature.
30. The words “valuable security” denote a document which is, or purports to be, a document whereby any legal right is created, extended, transferred, restricted, extinguished or released, or whereby any person acknowledges that he lies under legal liability, or has not a certain legal right.
Illustration
A writes his name on the back of a bill of exchange. As effect of his endorsement is to transfer the right to the bill to any person who may become the lawful holder of it, the endorsement is a “valuable security.
31. The words” a will” denote any testamentary document.
32. In every part of this Code, except where a contrary intention appears from the context, words which refer to acts done extend also to illegal omissions.
33. The word “act” denotes as well a series of acts as a single act the word “omission” denotes as well a series of omissions as a single omission.
34. When a criminal act is done by several persons, in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone.
35. Whenever an act, which is criminal only by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention, is done by several persons, each of such persons who joins in the act with such knowledge or intention is liable for the act in the same manner as if the act were done by him alone, with that knowledge or intention.
36. Wherever the causing of a certain effect, or an attempt to cause that effect, by an act or by an omission is an offence, it is to be understood that the causing or that effect partly by an act and partly by an omission is the same offence.
Illustration
A intentionally causes Z’s death, partly by illegally omitting to give Z food, and partly by beating Z A has committed murder.
37. When an offence is committed by means of several acts, whoever intentionally co-operates in the commission of that offence by doing any one of those acts, either singly or jointly with any other person, commits that offence.
Illustrations
(a) A and B agree to murder Z by severally and at different times giving him small doses of posion. A and B administer the poison according to the agreement with intent to murder Z. Z dies from the effects of the several doses of poison so administered to him. Here A and B intentionally co-operate in the commission of murder and as each of them does an act by which the death is caused they are both guilty of the offence though their acts are separate.
(b) A and B are joint jailors, and as such have the charge of Z, a prisoner, alternately for six hours at a time. A and B, intending to cause Z’s death, knowingly co-operate m causing that effect by illegally omitting, each during the time of his attendance, to furnish Z with food supplied to them for that purpose, Z dies of hunger. Both A and B are guilty of the murder of Z.
(c) A, jailor, has the charge of Z, a prisoner. A, intending to cause Z’s death, illegally omits to supply Z with food ; in consequence of which Z is much reduced in strength, but the starvation is not sufficient to cause his death. A is dismissed from his office, and B succeeds him. B, without collusion or co-operation with A, illegally omits to supply Z with food, knowing that he is likely thereby to cause Z’s death. Z dies of hunger. B is guilty of murder, but, as A did not co-operate with B, A is guilty only of an attempt to commit murder.
38. Where several persons are engaged or concerned in the commission of a criminal act, they may be guilty of different offences by means of that act.
Illustration
A attacks Z under such circumstances of grave provocation that his killing of Z would be only culpable homicide not amounting to murder. B having ill-will towards Z and intending to kill him, and not having been subject to the provocation, assists A in killing Z. Here, though A and B are both engaged in causing Z’s death, B is guilty of murder, and A is guilty only of culpable homicide.
39. A person is said to cause an effect “voluntarily” when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it.
A sets fire, by night, to an inhabited house in a large town, for the purpose of facilirating robbery and thus causes the death of a person. Here, A May not have intended to cause death, and may even be sorry that death has been caused by his act ; yet, if he knew that he was likely to cause death, he has caused death voluntarily.
40. Except in the chapters and sections mentioned in clauses
2 and 3 of this section, the word “offence” denotes a thing made punishable by this Code.
In Chapter IV, Chapter VA, and in the following sections, namely, section 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 109,110,112,114,115,116,117, 187, 194,195,203,211,213,214,221,222,223,224,225,327, 329, 330, 331, 347, 348, 388, 389 and 445, the word “offence” denotes a thing punishable under this Code, or under any special or local law as hereinafter defined.
And in sections 141,176, 177, 201, 202, 212, 216 and 441 the word “offence has the same meaning when the thing punishable tinder the special or local law is punishable under such law with imprisonment for a term of six months or upwards whether with or without fine.
41. A “special law” is a law applicable to a particular subject.
42. A “local law” is a law applicable only to a particular part of the Union of Burman.
43. The word “illegal” is applicable to everything which is an offence or which is prohibited by law, or which furnishes ground for a civil action and a person is said to be “legally bound to do” whatever it is illegal in him to omit.
44. The word “injury” denotes any harm whatever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property.
45. The word “life” denotes the death of a human being, unless contrary from the context.
46. The word “death” denotes the death of a human being, unless the contrary appears from the context.
47. The word “animal” denotes any living creature, other than a human being.
48. The word “vessel” denotes anything made for the conveyance by water of human being or of property.
49. Wherever the word “year” or the word “month” is used, it is to be understood that the year or the month is to be reckoned according to the British calendar.
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51. The word “oath” includes a solemn affirmation substituted by law, for an oath, and any declaration required or authorized by law to be made before a public servant or to be used for the purpose of proof, whether in a Court of Justice or not.
52. Nothing is said to be done or believed in “good faith” which is done or believed without due care and attention.
152A. Except in section 130 and in section 157 in the case in which the harbour is given by the wife or husband of the person harboured, the word ‘harbour’ includes supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, anus, ammunition or means of conveyance, or the assisting of a person by any means, whether of the same kind as those enumerated in this section or not, to evade apprehension.
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